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<title>Intra-frame coding</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intra-frame coding</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="IFrame_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="IFrame (disambiguation)">IFrame (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Intra-frame coding</b> is a <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> technique used within a <a href="Digital_video" title="Digital video">video</a> frame, enabling smaller file sizes and lower bitrates. Since neighboring pixels within an image are often very similar, rather than storing each pixel independently, the frame image is divided into blocks and the typically minor difference between each pixel can be encoded using fewer bits.

</p><p>Intra-frame prediction exploits spatial redundancy, i.e. correlation among pixels within one frame, by calculating prediction values through extrapolation from already coded pixels for effective <a href="Delta_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta coding">delta coding</a>. It is one of the two classes of predictive coding methods in <a href="Video_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding">video coding</a>. Its counterpart is inter-frame prediction which exploits temporal redundancy. Temporally independently coded so-called intra frames use only intra coding. The temporally coded predicted frames (e.g. MPEG's P- and B-frames) may use intra- as well as inter-frame prediction.

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<p>Usually only few of the spatially closest known samples are used for the extrapolation. Formats that operate sample by sample like <a href="Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">Portable Network Graphics</a> (PNG) can usually use one of four adjacent pixels (above, above left, above right, left) or some function of them like e.g. their average. Block-based (frequency transform) formats prefill whole blocks with prediction values extrapolated from usually one or two straight lines of pixels that run along their top and left borders.

</p><p>Inter frame has been specified by the <a href="CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a> in 1988–1990 by <a href="H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a> for the first time. H.261 was meant for teleconferencing and ISDN telephoning.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coding_process">Coding process</h2></div>

<p>Data is usually read from a video camera or a video card in the <a href="YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a> data format (often informally called <a href="YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a> for brevity). The coding process varies greatly depending on which type of encoder is used (e.g., <a href="JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> or <a href="H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264</a>), but the most common steps usually include: partitioning into <a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">macroblocks</a>, transformation (e.g., using a <a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a> or <a href="Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">wavelet</a>), <a href="Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">quantization</a> and <a href="Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">entropy encoding</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>It is used in codecs like <a href="ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">ProRes</a>: a <a href="Group_of_pictures" title="Group of pictures">group of pictures</a> codec without <a href="Inter_frame" title="Inter frame">inter frames</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">Video compression</a></li>

<li><a href="I-Frame_Delay" title="I-Frame Delay">I-Frame Delay</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter_frame" title="Inter frame">Inter frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_of_pictures" title="Group of pictures">Group of pictures</a> application of frame types</li>

<li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Motion compensation</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Intra-frame_coding" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Intra-frame coding">Intra-frame coding</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node248.html">http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node248.html</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Video_processing79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Video_post-processing" title="Video post-processing">Post-processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_scaling" title="Image scaling">Resizing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_gallery_of_image_scaling_algorithms" title="Comparison gallery of image scaling algorithms">Comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">Deinterlacing</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_denoising" title="Video denoising">Denoising</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflicking" title="Deflicking">Deflicking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Special processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Film_colorization" title="Film colorization">Film colorization</a> (<a href="Film_tinting" title="Film tinting">tinting</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Color_grading" title="Color grading">Color grading</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-resolution_imaging" title="Super-resolution imaging">Super-resolution imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_matting" title="Video matting">Video matting</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel-art_scaling_algorithms" title="Pixel-art scaling algorithms">Pixel art scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecine" title="Telecine">Telecine</a></li></ul>

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